区块链在车联网数据共享领域的研究进展

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2110024

计算机科学与探索 ›› 2022, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (5): 1008-1024.DOI: 10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2110024

区块链在车联网数据共享领域的研究进展

熊啸¹, 李雷孝²^,⁴^,⁺(), 高静³, 高昊昱², 杜金泽², 郑岳², 牛铁铭²

1.内蒙古工业大学信息工程学院,呼和浩特 010080
2.内蒙古工业大学数据科学与应用学院,呼和浩特 010080
3.内蒙古农业大学计算机与信息工程学院,呼和浩特 010011
4.内蒙古自治区基于大数据的软件服务工程技术研究中心,呼和浩特 010080

收稿日期:2021-10-24 修回日期:2022-01-14 出版日期:2022-05-01 发布日期:2022-05-19
通讯作者: + E-mail: llxhappy@126.com
作者简介:熊啸（1993—）,男,河南信阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大数据安全、区块链。
李雷孝（1978—）,男,山东成武人,博士,教授,CCF专业会员,主要研究方向为云计算、大数据处理、数据挖掘等。
高静（1970—）,女,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为云计算、大数据、农业信息化等。
高昊昱（1994—）,男,山西太原人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大数据安全、区块链。
杜金泽（1998—）,男,山西太原人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为区块链、网络隐蔽信道构建。
郑岳（1996—）,男,河北沧州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大数据安全、区块链。
牛铁铭（1998—）,男,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大数据安全、区块链。
基金资助:
内蒙古自治区科技成果转化专项资金项目(2021CG0033);内蒙古自治区科技成果转化专项资金项目(2020CG0073);内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(2019ZD015);内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(2019ZD016);内蒙古自治区关键技术攻关计划项目(2019GG273);内蒙古自治区研究生科研创新项目(SZ2020068)

Research Progress of Blockchain in Internet of Vehicles Data Sharing

XIONG Xiao¹, LI Leixiao²^,⁴^,⁺(), GAO Jing³, GAO Haoyu², DU Jinze², ZHENG Yue², NIU Tieming²

1. College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China
2. College of Data Science and Application, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China
3. College of Computer and Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
4. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Engineering & Technology Research Centre of Big Data Based Software Service, Hohhot 010080, China

Received:2021-10-24 Revised:2022-01-14 Online:2022-05-01 Published:2022-05-19
About author:XIONG Xiao, born in 1993, M.S. candidate. His research interests include big data security and blockchain.
LI Leixiao, born in 1978, Ph.D., professor,professional member of CCF. His research interests include cloud computing, big data processing, data mining, etc.
GAO Jing, born in 1970, Ph.D., professor. Her research interests include cloud computing, big data, agricultural informatization, etc.
GAO Haoyu, born in 1994, M.S. candidate. His research interests include big data security and blockchain.
DU Jinze, born in 1998, M.S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain and network covert channel construction.
ZHENG Yue, born in 1996, M.S. candidate. His research interests include big data security and blockchain.
NIU Tieming, born in 1998, M.S. candidate. His research interests include big data security and blockchain.
Supported by:
Project for Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements from Inner Mongolia of China(2021CG0033);Project for Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements from Inner Mongolia of China(2020CG0073);Major Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia of China(2019ZD015);Major Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia of China(2019ZD016);Key Technology Research Program of Inner Mongolia of China(2019GG273);Graduate Research Innovation Program of Inner Mongolia of China(SZ2020068)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

车联网中实现高效、安全的共享数据对智慧交通的发展具有重要意义。将区块链技术与车联网相结合,在促进车联网数据共享和隐私保护改善方面都有巨大的潜力,但仍然存在区块链技术如何保证车联网数据安全共享的问题。针对这一问题,对区块链和车联网技术融合的最新研究与车联网数据共享的应用进行了系统的整理和分析。首先,总结归纳传统车联网数据共享模型并分析其特点;其次,从共享数据可靠性、共享数据安全性、激励机制、访问控制、可扩展性和储存方式六方面介绍基于区块链的车联网数据安全共享现状;再次,列举并分析三种基于区块链的车联网数据安全共享的通用模型的特点;最后,讨论了该领域未来研究发展的方向,并对解决车联网中数据共享安全问题提出解决思路,为构建未来车联网数据共享提供理论支持。

关键词: 区块链, 车联网（IOV）, 数据隐私, 安全共享, 数据共享模型

Abstract:

Efficiently and safely sharing data in the Internet of vehicles (IOV) is of great significance to the development of intelligent transportation. To combine with blockchain has great potential in promoting the extent of sharing and privacy for IOV, however, there still exists a problem how to ensure its safety. From the perspective of solving the problem, this paper systematically arranges and analyzes the latest researches on the integration and implementation of blockchain of data sharing with IOV. Firstly, it summarizes the traditional vehicle networking data sharing model and analyzes its characteristics. Secondly, it introduces the current situation of data secure sharing of IOV based on blockchain from six aspects, including the reliability of sharing data, the security of sharing data, incentive mechanism, access control, scalability and storage mode. Thirdly, it lists and analyzes the characteristics of three general models for secure data sharing of IOV based on blockchain. Finally, it discusses the directions of future research and the development of this field, and presents feasible solutions to solve the security problem of data sharing in IOV, so as to provide theoretical support for the construction of data sharing in the future Internet of vehicles.

Key words: blockchain, Internet of vehicles (IOV), data privacy, security sharing, data sharing model

中图分类号:

TP39
TP309.2

熊啸, 李雷孝, 高静, 高昊昱, 杜金泽, 郑岳, 牛铁铭. 区块链在车联网数据共享领域的研究进展[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2022, 16(5): 1008-1024.

XIONG Xiao, LI Leixiao, GAO Jing, GAO Haoyu, DU Jinze, ZHENG Yue, NIU Tieming. Research Progress of Blockchain in Internet of Vehicles Data Sharing[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2022, 16(5): 1008-1024.

图/表 14

参考文献 92

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激励机制	文献	特点	优势	局限性
数字货币	Fujihara等^[54]	通过车辆与信标设备竞争与协作,并利用数字货币来激励协调收集和共享交通信息	普通市民也可以参与,监控更多路段,进行交通控制	信标设备数量足够多,才能保证信息可靠,利用区块链的分叉点进行道路状态异常检测,降低了系统的可靠性
	Zhang等^[55]	方便车辆广播公告消息给予货币奖励	采用后验和先验对抗,从源头阻止虚假公告	事务位于来自两个不同区域的两个实体之间,那么事务率就不够高,系统的吞吐量不高
	Chen等^[56]	基于拍卖的质量驱动激励机制,平台充当拍卖人,从用户那里购买数据,保证链上数据和链下数据的信任	数据质量纳入其机制	共识流程仅适用于预先选择的路侧单元,而不是区块链的整个节点
信誉值	Chen等^[57]	设计了一个信誉评估方案（reputation assessment scheme,RES）防止恶意节点传播虚假消息	负共享记录和正共享记录组合来对不同提供商的服务质量进行评分,还可以追溯恶意节点	共享方案更适合车辆相对位置相对固定的高速公路场景。在车辆拓扑快速变化的情况下,底层区块链的成员会发生巨大变化,这使得计算更加复杂
	Chai等^[58]	提出了一种轻量级的共识机制——信誉证明（proof of reputation,POR）机制,以降低计算功耗,激励车辆参与资源共享	信誉共识机制来代替挖掘,将交易工具和区块发布者分离,在维护交易工具隐私的同时,还降低通信成本	POR共识机制开销大,吞吐量不高
	Kang等^[59]	实现车辆间高质量数据共享的精确信誉管理	利用三权重主观（交互频率、事件及时性和轨迹相似性）逻辑来精确管理车辆的信誉,车辆根据声誉选择最佳数据提供商	路侧单元（road-side unit,RSU）^[60]是半可信的,通常分布在道路上,没有任何强有力的安全措施,易受到攻击者的攻击

激励机制	文献	特点	优势	局限性
数字货币	Fujihara等^[54]	通过车辆与信标设备竞争与协作,并利用数字货币来激励协调收集和共享交通信息	普通市民也可以参与,监控更多路段,进行交通控制	信标设备数量足够多,才能保证信息可靠,利用区块链的分叉点进行道路状态异常检测,降低了系统的可靠性
	Zhang等^[55]	方便车辆广播公告消息给予货币奖励	采用后验和先验对抗,从源头阻止虚假公告	事务位于来自两个不同区域的两个实体之间,那么事务率就不够高,系统的吞吐量不高
	Chen等^[56]	基于拍卖的质量驱动激励机制,平台充当拍卖人,从用户那里购买数据,保证链上数据和链下数据的信任	数据质量纳入其机制	共识流程仅适用于预先选择的路侧单元,而不是区块链的整个节点
信誉值	Chen等^[57]	设计了一个信誉评估方案（reputation assessment scheme,RES）防止恶意节点传播虚假消息	负共享记录和正共享记录组合来对不同提供商的服务质量进行评分,还可以追溯恶意节点	共享方案更适合车辆相对位置相对固定的高速公路场景。在车辆拓扑快速变化的情况下,底层区块链的成员会发生巨大变化,这使得计算更加复杂
	Chai等^[58]	提出了一种轻量级的共识机制——信誉证明（proof of reputation,POR）机制,以降低计算功耗,激励车辆参与资源共享	信誉共识机制来代替挖掘,将交易工具和区块发布者分离,在维护交易工具隐私的同时,还降低通信成本	POR共识机制开销大,吞吐量不高
	Kang等^[59]	实现车辆间高质量数据共享的精确信誉管理	利用三权重主观（交互频率、事件及时性和轨迹相似性）逻辑来精确管理车辆的信誉,车辆根据声誉选择最佳数据提供商	路侧单元（road-side unit,RSU）^[60]是半可信的,通常分布在道路上,没有任何强有力的安全措施,易受到攻击者的攻击

相关文献	访问控制	数据机密性	特点
[61⇓-63]	基于属性,细粒度,一对多	AES（advanced encryption standard）+CP-ABE（ciphertext policy attribute based encryption）^[66-67]	当数据访问者的属性满足访问控制策略时才能解密,实现数据可控共享
[64]	基于角色,预先确定身份,一对一	AES+IBE（identity based encryption）	实现了用户角色的跨组织认证
[65]	分区,预先划分域	无	事先按照组织、机构划分固定共享区域

相关文献	访问控制	数据机密性	特点
[61⇓-63]	基于属性,细粒度,一对多	AES（advanced encryption standard）+CP-ABE（ciphertext policy attribute based encryption）^[66-67]	当数据访问者的属性满足访问控制策略时才能解密,实现数据可控共享
[64]	基于角色,预先确定身份,一对一	AES+IBE（identity based encryption）	实现了用户角色的跨组织认证
[65]	分区,预先划分域	无	事先按照组织、机构划分固定共享区域

相关文献	可扩展性方法	特点
Chai等^[69]	分层	通过分层链的设计,解决对单个节点的存储压力、计算压力,提高了系统的可扩展性
Shrestha等^[70] Zhang等^[71] Yang等^[72]	侧链（双链）	通过提供本地和公共区块链,配合混合共识机制,来解决可扩展性问题通过父区块链和辅助区块链,配合不同的共识机制,来解决可扩展性问题通过提供本地区块链（由RSU维护）和全球区块链（由执法机构维护）,配合混合共识机制,来解决可扩展性问题
Zhang等^[73]	DAG	通过混合的区块链体系结构,由主许可区块链和车辆运行的局部有向无环图DAG组成,来解决可扩展性问题
Yun等^[74]	分片	区块链节点的网络被分割成不同的碎片,每一个碎片都能形成独立的处理过程并在不同的交易子集上达成共识,并行处理相互之间未建立连接的交易子集,通过提高数量级来提高交易吞吐量

区块链在车联网数据共享领域的研究进展

Research Progress of Blockchain in Internet of Vehicles Data Sharing

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相关文献	数据存储位置	数据共享过程	特点
Liu等^[75]	数据存储在云服务中	车辆-云存储-实体	数据存储到云服务器中,而数据的索引存储在区块链
Yang等^[76]	数据存储在分布式文件中	车辆-分布式存储-实体	数据存储到如DHT（distributed Hash table）^[77-78]、IPFS（inter-planetary file system）^[79]、SWARM、BigChainDB等分布式文件中,数据的索引存储在区块链中
Liu等^[63]	数据存储在RSU中	车辆-RSU-实体	RSU共同维护区块的生成、验证和存储,实现分布式数据存储
Cui等^[80]	数据存储在车辆中	车辆-其他车辆-实体	由车辆维护区块的生成、验证和存储,实现分布式数据存储

相关文献	模型类别	缺点	优点
[34,43,45,55-56,69,71,75]	云存储-车联网数据共享模型	实体信息存储在云平台,数据隐私得不到有效保证	对区块链存储友好,系统扩展性强,模块功能扩展易
[76,78-79]	链上分布式存储-车联网数据共享模型	需要可信机构分发密钥,对区块链存储压力大	实体信息存储在分布式存储文件中如IPFS、DHT、Swarm、BigchainDB等,节省了中心化存储的建设成本
[35⇓-37,50-51,54,57⇓-59,63,70,72-73,80]	链下分布式存储-车联网数据共享模型	需要可信中心分发密钥,对设备需求大,造价高,存储压力大,存在数据提供商数据泄漏的风险	共享速率高,服务质量、数据存储与隐私安全得到保障

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