匿名通信与暗网综合治理

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2204004

计算机科学与探索 ›› 2022, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (11): 2430-2455.DOI: 10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2204004

匿名通信与暗网综合治理

兰浩良¹^,², 李馥娟¹^,², 王群¹, 印杰¹, 徐杰¹, 洪磊¹, 薛益时¹, 夏明辉¹^,⁺()

1.江苏警官学院计算机信息与网络安全系，南京 210031
2.计算机软件新技术国家重点实验室（南京大学），南京 210031

收稿日期:2022-04-02 修回日期:2022-07-22 出版日期:2022-11-01 发布日期:2022-11-16
通讯作者: + E-mail: xiaminghui@jspi.cn
作者简介:兰浩良（1986—），男，山东德州人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为网络安全、网络测量与行为学等。
李馥娟（1974—），女，陕西西安人，硕士，教授，主要研究方向为网络技术与应用、信息安全等。
王群（1971—），男，甘肃天水人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为信息安全、体系结构与协议等。
印杰（1977—），男，江苏南通人，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电子数据取证、数据挖掘等。
徐杰（1989—），男，江苏泰州人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为网络安全、网络测量与行为学等。
洪磊（1988—），男，江苏盐城人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为网络舆情分析、网络情报学等。
薛益时（1991—），男，江苏南京人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为无线通信、无人机技术等。
夏明辉（1994—），男，江苏南京人，硕士，助教，主要研究方向为网络生物学、机器学习等。
基金资助:
江苏省双创博士项目(JSSCBS20210598);江苏警官学院科研启动金(2911121110);江苏高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目(2022SJYB0471);江苏省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(KJ21125027);国家重点研发计划(2018YFB1800200);公安技术、网络空间安全“十四五”江苏省重点学科;国家重点实验室开放课题(KFKT2022B23)

Anonymous Communication and Darknet Space Comprehensive Governance

LAN Haoliang¹^,², LI Fujuan¹^,², WANG Qun¹, YIN Jie¹, XU Jie¹, HONG Lei¹, XUE Yishi¹, XIA Minghui¹^,⁺()

1. Department of Computer Information and Cybersecurity, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing 210031, China
2. State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210031, China

Received:2022-04-02 Revised:2022-07-22 Online:2022-11-01 Published:2022-11-16
About author:LAN Haoliang, born in 1986, Ph.D., lecturer. His research interests include network security, network measurement and behavior, etc.
LI Fujuan, born in 1974, M.S., professor. Her research interests include network technology and application, information security, etc.
WANG Qun, born in 1971, Ph.D., professor. His research interests include information security, architecture and protocol, etc.
YIN Jie, born in 1977, M.S., senior engineer. His research interests include digital forensics, data mining, etc.
XU Jie, born in 1989, Ph.D., lecturer. His research interests include network security, network measurement and behavior, etc.
HONG Lei, born in 1988, Ph.D., lecturer. His research interests include Internet public opinion analysis, network informatics, etc.
XUE Yishi, born in 1991, Ph.D., lecturer. His research interests include wireless communication, UAV technology, etc.
XIA Minghui, born in 1994, M.S., teaching assistant. His research interests include network biology, machine learning, etc.
Supported by:
Double-Innovation Doctor Project of Jiangsu Province(JSSCBS20210598);Scientific Research Start-up Foundation of Jiangsu Police Institute(2911121110);Philosophy and Social Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province(2022SJYB0471);Science and Technology Plan Project of Jiangsu Market Supervision Administration(KJ21125027);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB1800200);Key Disciplines of Jiangsu Province in the 14th Five-Year Plan: Public Security Technology and Cyberspace Security;Opening Foundation of National Key Laboratory(KFKT2022B23)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

匿名通信所具有的节点发现难、服务定位难、通信关系确认难以及用户监控难等特点使得架构在其之上的暗网中充斥着各种匿名滥用的违法犯罪活动。为此，学术界围绕匿名通信与暗网开展了系列有针对性的研究。相应地，在系统介绍匿名通信发展史、匿名机制和典型系统的基础上，重点结合匿名通信关键技术、匿名度量、匿名攻击、匿名增强、匿名通信性能评估与改善以及暗网空间综合治理等对该领域的相关研究进行梳理、总结和归纳。与此同时，聚焦并分析未来匿名通信研究的发展趋势以及暗网空间综合治理所面临的挑战与对策。

关键词: 匿名通信, 暗网, 匿名性, 匿名攻击与增强, 暗网空间综合治理

Abstract:

The characteristics of anonymous communication, such as difficulty in node discovery, service positio-ning, communication relationship confirmation, and user monitoring, make the darknet built on it full of various illegal and criminal activities of anonymous abuse. To this end, the academic community has carried out a series of targeted research around anonymous communication and darknet. Accordingly, on the basis of systematically intro-ducing the development history of anonymous communication, anonymous mechanisms and typical systems, this paper focuses on combing, summarizing and inducing related research in this field by combining key technologies of anonymous communication, anonymity measurement, anonymous attack, anonymous enhancement, anonymous communication performance evaluation and improvement and darknet space comprehensive governance. Mean-while, this paper focuses and analyzes the development trend of anonymous communication research in the future and the challenges and countermeasures faced by the darknet space comprehensive governance.

Key words: anonymous communication, darknet, anonymity, anonymous attack and enhancement, darknet space comprehensive governance

中图分类号:

TP309.7

兰浩良, 李馥娟, 王群, 印杰, 徐杰, 洪磊, 薛益时, 夏明辉. 匿名通信与暗网综合治理[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2022, 16(11): 2430-2455.

LAN Haoliang, LI Fujuan, WANG Qun, YIN Jie, XU Jie, HONG Lei, XUE Yishi, XIA Minghui. Anonymous Communication and Darknet Space Comprehensive Governance[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2022, 16(11): 2430-2455.

图/表 15

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系统	时间	延迟	优势	劣势
Tor	2003	低	多层加密适用于TCP 可很好地支持Web应用良好的性能使用范围广，用户保有量大	端到端加密无法保证匿名性依赖节点选择算法可扩展性不足目录服务器较集中电路交换会导致拥塞和延迟
I2P	2003	低	多层/隧道/端到端加密适用于UDP/TCP 良好的可扩展性分组交换具有良好的负载均衡适于文件共享	匿名性依赖节点选择算法节点选择导致匿名性降低
Freenet	2001	高	良好的可扩展性高度的信息可用性不易被恶意节点侵入 Pre-routing可提供良好的匿名性	基础版本中秘钥匿名性难以保证消息传递缺乏有效保护难以抵御DDOS攻击及目录攻击
NatCamo	2001	低	伪装流量模式可抵御流量分析保证实时应用的响应时间	易暴露主机位置/类型/网络拓扑流量伪装导致QoS下降未考虑主机和路由器的地理分布恶意节点入侵集中管理节点模式导致低安全性局域网之外的性能难以保证
Tarzan	2002	低	可扩展性强自组织和完全的去中心化高效的对等点发现机制覆盖流量机制可抵御流量分析完整性检查降低了信息泄露风险合理的隧道延迟较高的吞吐量与消息转发速率	应用层交互会导致信息泄露应用层附加信息易被攻击者利用缺乏应对恶意路由器有效机制
Crowds	1998	低	发送者匿名性与消息转发次数成正比接受者匿名的可能性与用户规模成正比公私秘钥的加解密操作对性能影响较小单次中断不会影响所有Web事务一定程度的本地浏览行为的可否认性	本身不支持接受者匿名加解密方案导致性能降低下一跳方式的重路由影响匿名性用户要充当匿名代理不能有效抵御DDOS攻击

系统	时间	延迟	优势	劣势
Tor	2003	低	多层加密适用于TCP 可很好地支持Web应用良好的性能使用范围广，用户保有量大	端到端加密无法保证匿名性依赖节点选择算法可扩展性不足目录服务器较集中电路交换会导致拥塞和延迟
I2P	2003	低	多层/隧道/端到端加密适用于UDP/TCP 良好的可扩展性分组交换具有良好的负载均衡适于文件共享	匿名性依赖节点选择算法节点选择导致匿名性降低
Freenet	2001	高	良好的可扩展性高度的信息可用性不易被恶意节点侵入 Pre-routing可提供良好的匿名性	基础版本中秘钥匿名性难以保证消息传递缺乏有效保护难以抵御DDOS攻击及目录攻击
NatCamo	2001	低	伪装流量模式可抵御流量分析保证实时应用的响应时间	易暴露主机位置/类型/网络拓扑流量伪装导致QoS下降未考虑主机和路由器的地理分布恶意节点入侵集中管理节点模式导致低安全性局域网之外的性能难以保证
Tarzan	2002	低	可扩展性强自组织和完全的去中心化高效的对等点发现机制覆盖流量机制可抵御流量分析完整性检查降低了信息泄露风险合理的隧道延迟较高的吞吐量与消息转发速率	应用层交互会导致信息泄露应用层附加信息易被攻击者利用缺乏应对恶意路由器有效机制
Crowds	1998	低	发送者匿名性与消息转发次数成正比接受者匿名的可能性与用户规模成正比公私秘钥的加解密操作对性能影响较小单次中断不会影响所有Web事务一定程度的本地浏览行为的可否认性	本身不支持接受者匿名加解密方案导致性能降低下一跳方式的重路由影响匿名性用户要充当匿名代理不能有效抵御DDOS攻击

编号	算法	路由效率	路由表大小	拓扑结构	键值对位置	容错性	扩展性	负载均衡性	抗波动性
1	Chord	O(lbN)	O(lbN)	Ring	后继节点	一般	好	不好	一般
2	Pastry	O(lbN)	O(lbN)	Plaxton	最近节点	较好	好	较好	一般
3	Kademlia	O(K)	O(lbK)	Overlay	最近K个节点	好	好	一般	好

编号	算法	路由效率	路由表大小	拓扑结构	键值对位置	容错性	扩展性	负载均衡性	抗波动性
1	Chord	O(lbN)	O(lbN)	Ring	后继节点	一般	好	不好	一般
2	Pastry	O(lbN)	O(lbN)	Plaxton	最近节点	较好	好	较好	一般
3	Kademlia	O(K)	O(lbK)	Overlay	最近K个节点	好	好	一般	好

关键技术		描述		相关研究
可访问性		保障匿名通信网络可访问性及匿名用户隐私的抗审查技术与架构		[38] [39] [40] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]
匿名路由	洋葱路由	匿名路由协议的路由特性及其性能	洋葱路由策略的扩展	[48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]
	DHT		查找策略优化	[55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60]
	DC-Net		协议效率、可扩展性、安全性	[61] [62] [63] [64]
	大蒜路由		I2P匿名性、安全性、性能	[65] [66] [67] [68] [69]
隐藏服务		大规模隐藏服务发现、分析与提升		[5] [70] [71][72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77]

匿名通信与暗网综合治理

Anonymous Communication and Darknet Space Comprehensive Governance

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序号	类别	描述	难点	相关研究
1	暗网用户识别与定位	暗网用户身份识别与行为分析	暗网用户及身份行为的体系化认知	[138][139][140][141]
2	隐藏服务发现	服务类型识别与溯源	隐藏服务的规模、普及率、可用性	[68][71][124][126]
3	暗网内容及拓扑结构分析	暗网的构成、用途及用户行为	暗网的构成、用途及用户行为	[127][128][129][130] [131]
4	暗网节点发现	防止匿名滥用	快速、有效的暗网节点发现方法	[22][132][133]
5	暗网流量识别与检测	防止匿名滥用	易于部署的暗网流量识别与监测方法	[134][135][136][137]
6	暗网电子数据取证	搜集暗网犯罪证据	良好的取证框架、技术和工具	[142][143][144][145][147]
7	暗网空间资源测绘	资源要素及用户行为	暗网规模、演化规律等的挖掘与分析	[148][149][150][151]