区块链与数据库技术融合综述

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2211021

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 近年来，区块链在金融等领域的应用日益增加，其设计的目的在于实现安全可信的数据存储，因此牺牲了效率，同时技术积累较少的劣势使得区块链缺少很好的辅助性技术支持，这些问题都限制了区块链技术的进一步发展。数据库同样作为数据存储技术，已有数十年的发展历史，技术体系相对成熟完善。区块链和数据库均作为被广泛应用的数据存储技术，通过系统架构设计将两种技术相互融合，实现新一代的数据存储技术，是很有价值的研究方向。通过对区块链和数据库技术的设计理念、技术特性、整体架构的阐述，深层次地从多个角度分析两类数据存储技术之间的共性和差异性与设计理念的优劣。从设计的角度出发，以基于区块链的数据库和基于数据库的区块链两种技术融合范式为基准，对现有的区块链与数据库技术融合的工作进行归纳总结。在此之上，进一步从数据存储技术设计的各个维度，分析区块链与数据库技术融合的关键问题与未来发展方向。

关键词: 区块链, 数据库, 分布式系统, 架构设计

Abstract: Recently, blockchain has been increasingly applied in finance and other fields, which is designed with the purpose to achieve secure and trusted data storage while reducing the efficiency. Meanwhile, its insufficient technological accumulation causes technology support shortage, which limits its development. As another data storage technology with development history for decades, database has a series of comparatively mature and complete technologies. As two widely-used data storage technologies, it is a significative research direction to integrate these two technologies through system architecture design and achieve a new generation of data storage technology. Based on the description of the design concept, technical characteristics and overall architecture of blockchain and database technology, the commonalities and differences as well as the advantages and disadvantages between these two data storage techniques are analyzed from several perspectives. From these perspectives and taking the two technology integration paradigms of out-of-the blockchain database and out-of-the database blockchain as the benchmark, this paper summarizes the existing works of blockchain and database technology integration. Furthermore, the crucial problems and future development directions of blockchains and database technology integration are analyzed from a variety of dimensions.

Key words: blockchain, database, distributed system, architecture design

李昕航, 李超, 张桂刚, 邢春晓. 区块链与数据库技术融合综述[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2023, 17(4): 761-770.

LI Xinhang, LI Chao, ZHANG Guigang, XING Chunxiao. Overview of Blockchain and Database Fusion[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2023, 17(4): 761-770.

参考文献

[1] NAKAMOTO S. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system[EB/OL]. (2008-10-31)[2022-11-07]. https://nakamotoinstitute. org/bitcoin/.
[2] CROSBY M, PATTANAYAK P, VERMA S, et al. Blockchain technology: beyond bitcoin[J]. Applied Innovation, 2016, 2: 71.
[3] MORABITO V. Business innovation through blockchain[M]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2017.
[4] MOUGAYAR W. The business blockchain: promise, practice, and application of the next Internet technology[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
[5] WüST K, GERVAIS A. Do you need a blockchain?[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology, Zug, Jun 20-22, 2018. Piscataway:IEEE, 2018: 45-54.
[6] YAGA D, MELL P, ROBY N, et al. Blockchain technology overview: 8202[R]. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2018.
[7] RUAN P, CHEN G, DINH T T A, et al. Fine-grained, secure and efficient data provenance on blockchain systems[J]. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2019, 12(9): 975-988.
[8] ?ZSU M T, VALDURIEZ P. Principles of distributed database systems[J]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.
[9] CORBETT J C, DEAN J, EPSTEIN M, et al. Spanner: Google’s globally distributed database[J]. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 2013, 31(3): 8.
[10] ZHANG H, CHEN G, OOI B C, et al. In-memory big data management and processing: a survey[J]. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2015, 27(7): 1920-1948.
[11] XIE Z, CAI Q, JAGADISH H, et al. Parallelizing skip lists for in-memory multi-core database systems[C]//Proceedings of the 33rd IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, San Diego, Apr 19-22, 2017. Washington: IEEE Computer Society, 2017: 119-122.
[12] ZHANG M, XIE Z, YUE C, et al. Spitz: a verifiable database system[J]. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2020, 13(12): 3449-3460.
[13] VO H T, WANG S, AGRAWAL D, et al. LogBase: a scalable log-structured database system in the cloud[J]. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2012, 5(10): 1004-1015.
[14] EL-HINDI M, BINNIG C, ARASU A, et al. BlockchainDB:a shared database on blockchains[J]. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2019, 12(11): 1597-1609.
[15] PENG Y, DU M, LI F, et al. FalconDB: blockchain-based collaborative database[C]//Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Management of Data, Portland, Jun 14-19, 2020. New York: ACM, 2020: 637-652.
[16] ALLEN L, ANTONOPOULOS P, ARASU A, et al. Veritas: shared verifiable databases and tables in the cloud[C]//Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, Asilomar, Jan 13-16, 2019: 1-9.
[17] BUCHEMAN E. Tendermint: Byzantine fault tolerance in the age of blockchains[D]. Guelph: The University of Guelph, 2016.
[18] NATHAN S, GOVINDARAJAN C, SARAF A, et al. Blockchain meets database: design and implementation of a blockchain relational database[J]. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2019, 12(11): 1539-1552.
[19] STONEBRAKER M, ROWE L A. The design of POSTGRES[C]//Proceedings of the 1986 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data， Washington, May 2-30, 1986. New York: ACM, 1986: 340-355.
[20] LAMPORT L. Generalized consensus and Paxos: MSR-TR-2005-33[R]. Microsoft Research, 2005.
[21] MECONAGHY T, MARQUES R, MULLER A, et al. Big-chainDB: a scalable blockchain database[M]. BigChainDB 2.0 Whitepaper, 2016.
[22] SCHUKNECHT F M, SHARME A, DITTRICH J, et al. ChainifyDB: how to blockchainify any data management system[J]. arXiv:1912.04820, 2019.
[23] WANG S, DINH T T A, LIN Q, et al. ForkBase: an efficient storage engine for blockchain and forkable applications[J]. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2018, 11(10): 1137-1150.
[24] RUAN P, LOGHIN D, TA Q T, et al. A transactional perspective on execute-order-validate blockchains[C]//Pro-ceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, Portland, Jun 14-19, 2020. New York: ACM, 2020: 543-557.
[25] SHARMA A, SCHUHKNECHT F M, AGRAWAL D, et al. Blurring the lines between blockchains and database systems: the case of hyperledger fabric[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, Amsterdam, Jun 30-Jul 5, 2019. New York: ACM, 2019: 105-122.
[26] CASTRO M, LISKOV B. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance[C]//Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, New Orleans, Feb 22-25, 1999. Berkeley: USENIX Association, 1999: 173-186.
[27] WOOD D D. Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger[J]. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, 2014, 151: 1-32.
[28] RUAN P, DINH T T, LOGHIN D, et al. Blockchains vs. distributed databases: dichotomy and fusion[C]//Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data, Jun 20-25, 2021. New York: ACM, 2021: 1504-1517.
[29] DRAKATOS P, DEMETRIOU E, KOUMOU S, et al. Towards a blockchain database for massive IoT workloads[C]//Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, Chania, Apr 19-22, 2021. Washington: IEEE Computer Society, 2021: 76-79.
[30] SCHUHKNECHT F M, SHARMA A K, DITTRICH J, et al. chainifyDB: how to get rid of your blockchain and use your DBMS instead[C]//Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, Jan 11-15, 2021.
[31] ZHU Y, ZHANG Z, JIN C, et al. Towards rich query blockchain database[C]//Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Ireland, Oct 19-23, 2020. New York: ACM, 2020: 3497-3500.
[32] THAKKAR P, NATHAN S, VISWANATHAN B. Performance benchmarking and optimizing hyperledger fabric blockchain platform[C]//Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, Milwaukee, Sep 25-28, 2018. Washington: IEEE Computer Society, 2018: 264-276.
[33] DICKERSON T, GAZZILLO P, HERLIHY M, et al. Adding concurrency to smart contracts[C]//Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, Washington, Jul 25-27, 2017. New York: ACM, 2017: 303-312.
[34] HERLIHY M, LISKOV B, SHRIRA L. Cross-chain deals and adversarial commerce[J]. arXiv:1905.09743, 2019.
[35] LIANG J, MA M. Co-maintained database based on blockchain for IDSs: a lifetime learning framework[J]. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2021, 18(2): 1629-1645.
[36] GE Z, LOGHIN D, OOI B C, et al. Hybrid blockchain database systems: design and performance[J]. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2022, 15(5): 1092-1104.