Survey on Cross-Chain Protocols of Blockchain

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2203032

Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology ›› 2022, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (10): 2177-2192.DOI: 10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2203032

• Surveys and Frontiers • Previous Articles Next Articles

Survey on Cross-Chain Protocols of Blockchain

MENG Bo⁺(), WANG Yibing, ZHAO Can, WANG Dejun, MA Binhao

College of Computer Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China

Received:2022-03-07 Revised:2022-04-27 Online:2022-10-01 Published:2022-10-14
About author:MENG Bo, born in 1974, Ph.D., professor. His research interests include blockchain security, privacy protection, etc.
WANG Yibing, born in 1997, M.S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain cross-chain protocol, privacy protection, etc.
ZHAO Can, born in 1998, M.S. candidate. Her research interests include legal contract and smart contract.
WANG Dejun, born in 1974, Ph.D., associate professor. His research interests include knowledge graph, dialogue system, etc.
MA Binhao, born in 1998, M.S. candidate. His research interest is blockchain cross-chain technology.
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFC1522900);Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2018ADC150);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(CZZ21001);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(QSZ17007)

区块链跨链协议综述

孟博⁺(), 王乙丙, 赵璨, 王德军, 麻斌豪

中南民族大学计算机科学学院,武汉 430074

通讯作者: + E-mail: mengscuec@gmail.com
作者简介:孟博（1974—）,男,河北石家庄人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为区块链安全、隐私保护等。
王乙丙（1997—）,男,湖北黄冈人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为区块链跨链协议、隐私保护等。
赵璨（1998—）,女,河北承德人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为法律合约和智能合约。
王德军（1974—）,男,湖北荆门人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为知识图谱、对话系统等。
麻斌豪（1998—）,男,浙江温州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为区块链跨链技术。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1522900);湖北省自然科学基金(2018ADC150);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(CZZ21001);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(QSZ17007)

Abstract

Abstract:

With the development of blockchain technology, due to the different system architecture and application scenarios of blockchain platforms, it is difficult to realize the interconnection and intercommunication of data and assets on different blockchains, which affects the promotion and application of blockchain. The cross-chain tech-nology of blockchain is an important technical solution to realize the interconnection of blockchain and improve the interoperability and extensibility of blockchain. The blockchain cross-chain protocol is the specific design specifi-cations to realize the cross-chain interoperability between different blockchains through cross-chain technology, so it is of great significance to the realization of blockchain interoperability and the construction of blockchain cross-chain application. This paper systematically arranges and analyzes the latest researches on the integration and implemen-tation of blockchain cross-chain protocols, and places them in four hierarchies: Firstly, the current research status of blockchain cross-chain interoperability is explained from three aspects, Internet of blockchains, cross-chain techno-logy and blockchain interoperability. Secondly, the cross-chain protocols are divided into cross-chain communi-cation agreements, cross-chain asset transaction agreements and cross-chain smart contract call agreements, and the latest research is analyzed. Thirdly, the key design principles of cross-chain protocols are summarized, and the solutions for the problems of security, privacy and scalability of cross-chain protocol are provided. Finally, com-bined with the actual needs of blockchain cross-chain applications, the future research direction of blockchain cross-chain protocol is given.

Key words: blockchain, cross-chain interoperability, cross-chain technology, cross-chain protocol, cross-chain application

摘要：

随着区块链技术的发展,各区块链平台在系统架构、应用场景上有所不同,造成了不同区块链上的数据和资产难以互联互通,影响了区块链的推广与应用。跨链技术为解决区块链异构互联互通问题,提升区块链的互操作性和可扩展性提供了技术方案。而跨链协议是通过跨链技术实现不同区块链之间的跨链互操作性的具体设计规范,其对实现区块链互操作性和构建区块链跨链应用具有重要意义。对区块链跨链协议的最新研究进行了系统的整理和分析。从以下四方面进行介绍：首先,从链联网、跨链技术和区块链互操作性三方面阐述区块链跨链互操作的研究现状;其次,将跨链协议总结概括为跨链通信协议、跨链资产交易协议和跨链智能合约调用协议,并具体分析其最新研究进展;然后,对跨链协议的关键设计原则进行总结概括,为跨链协议的安全性、隐私性、可扩展性等问题提供解决思路;最后,结合区块链跨链应用的实际需求,给出区块链跨链协议未来的重点研究方向。

关键词: 区块链, 跨链互操作, 跨链技术, 跨链协议, 跨链应用

CLC Number:

TP39
TP309.2

MENG Bo, WANG Yibing, ZHAO Can, WANG Dejun, MA Binhao. Survey on Cross-Chain Protocols of Blockchain[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2022, 16(10): 2177-2192.

孟博, 王乙丙, 赵璨, 王德军, 麻斌豪. 区块链跨链协议综述[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2022, 16(10): 2177-2192.

Figures/Tables 11

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比较维度	公证人^[10]	哈希锁定^[11]	侧链^[12]/中继^[13]	分布式私钥控制^[14]
安全性	低	中	低	中
交易速度	慢	中	慢	中
可扩展性	较强	有限	强	有限
智能合约支持程度	困难	不支持	困难	困难
应用场景	全部	有限	全部	全部
实现难度	容易	容易	中等	中等
局限性	依赖第三方公证人	应用场景单一	交易速度慢	智能合约功能有待完善
实现原理	信任一组公证人	验证哈希锁和时间锁	采集原链信息进行验证	分离资产的所有权和使用权
典型项目	Interledger/Croda	Lightning Network	Cosmo/Polkadot	Wanchain/Fusion

比较维度	公证人^[10]	哈希锁定^[11]	侧链^[12]/中继^[13]	分布式私钥控制^[14]
安全性	低	中	低	中
交易速度	慢	中	慢	中
可扩展性	较强	有限	强	有限
智能合约支持程度	困难	不支持	困难	困难
应用场景	全部	有限	全部	全部
实现难度	容易	容易	中等	中等
局限性	依赖第三方公证人	应用场景单一	交易速度慢	智能合约功能有待完善
实现原理	信任一组公证人	验证哈希锁和时间锁	采集原链信息进行验证	分离资产的所有权和使用权
典型项目	Interledger/Croda	Lightning Network	Cosmo/Polkadot	Wanchain/Fusion

年份	提出者	核心观点	关注点
2016	Buterin^[19]	通过引入第三方,并在不改变原生链的情况下进行跨链的互操作	跨链技术
2018	Jin等人^[20]	链与链之间的有效通信和直接信息交换	数据互通
2019	Abebe等人^[21]	不同区块链之间传输或交换数据或价值	数据互通;价值互通
2019	Borkowski等人^[22]	跨链数据转移、跨链智能合约调用和跨链资产转移	数据互通;价值互通;功能互通
2019	Schulte等人^[23]	跨链资产转移和跨链智能合约调用	价值互通;功能互通
2020	Belchior等人^[24]	源区块链进行跨链,改变目标区块链的状态	跨链技术
2020	Kannengießer等人^[25]	从外部系统检索数据或与外部系统交换数据	数据互通
2020	Lafourcade^[26]	创建包含两个分布式账本的二合一区块链	数据互通
2020	叶少杰等人^[27]	进行资产交易、信息互通、服务互补等跨链功能	数据互通;价值互通;功能互通

年份	提出者	核心观点	关注点
2016	Buterin^[19]	通过引入第三方,并在不改变原生链的情况下进行跨链的互操作	跨链技术
2018	Jin等人^[20]	链与链之间的有效通信和直接信息交换	数据互通
2019	Abebe等人^[21]	不同区块链之间传输或交换数据或价值	数据互通;价值互通
2019	Borkowski等人^[22]	跨链数据转移、跨链智能合约调用和跨链资产转移	数据互通;价值互通;功能互通
2019	Schulte等人^[23]	跨链资产转移和跨链智能合约调用	价值互通;功能互通
2020	Belchior等人^[24]	源区块链进行跨链,改变目标区块链的状态	跨链技术
2020	Kannengießer等人^[25]	从外部系统检索数据或与外部系统交换数据	数据互通
2020	Lafourcade^[26]	创建包含两个分布式账本的二合一区块链	数据互通
2020	叶少杰等人^[27]	进行资产交易、信息互通、服务互补等跨链功能	数据互通;价值互通;功能互通

协议	跨链技术	可验证性	安全性	隐私性	可扩展性	跨链类型	局限性
IBC^[31]	中继	支持	中	不支持	中	同构	跨链通信开销大
MBCCP^[32]	中继	不支持	高	支持	低	同构	无数据验证机制
XCMP^[33]	中继	支持	高	不支持	中	同构	无具体实现
IBTP^[34]	中继	支持	中	支持	高	同构+异构	无交易有效性验证机制
周期性委员会轮换协议^[35]	中继与公证人	支持	中	不支持	低	同构+异构	未考虑恶意请求造成的广播风暴风险
三阶段跨链通信协议^[36]	中继	不支持	低	不支持	中	同构	安全性较差
跨链通信服务协议^[37]	中继	支持	中	不支持	中	同构	无激励机制、性能较差

Survey on Cross-Chain Protocols of Blockchain

区块链跨链协议综述

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协议	跨链技术	安全性	原子性	隐私性	可扩展性	跨链类型	局限性
XCLAIM^[40]	中继	高	支持	不支持	高	同构+异构	成本高,资产过度抵押
NCASP^[41]	哈希锁定	高	支持	不支持	高	同构+异构	存在密钥泄露风险
AC³WN^[42]	哈希锁定、侧链	低	支持	不支持	中	同构	性能低
3PP^[43]	哈希锁定	中	支持	不支持	低	同构	无交易容错机制
Relay Swap^[44]	哈希锁定、中继	低	支持	不支持	中	同构	安全性差
去中心化资产交易协议^[45]	中继	中	不支持	不支持	中	同构+异构	性能较差
多方跨链协议^[46]	哈希锁定	低	支持	不支持	高	同构	无具体实现
资产互换匿名方案^[47]	哈希锁定	中	支持	支持	低	同构	无具体实现

协议	跨链技术	安全性	原子性	隐私性	可扩展性	跨链类型	局限性
DeXTT^[22]	公证人	低	支持	不支持	中	同构	使用范围有限
Interledger^[48]	公证人	低	支持	不支持	中	同构+异构	无容错机制
Zendoo^[49]	侧链	高	支持	支持	低	同构	计算量大,实现难度大
SuSy^[50]	中继	低	支持	不支持	中	同构+异构	无激励机制,未考虑双重支付
AUGP^[51]	中继	中	支持	不支持	中	同构	无具体实现
Sigwart协议^[52]	哈希锁定	中	支持	不支持	低	同构+异构	手续费较高
Burn-to-Claim^[53]	哈希锁定	中	支持	不支持	低	同构	无具体实现,无事务回滚机制

协议	安全性	隐私性	可扩展性	原子性	跨链类型	局限性
跨链智能合约调用框架^[30]	中	不支持	中	不支持	同构	跨链调用开销大,无激励机制
Move^[54]	中	不支持	中	支持	同构+异构	性能较差,手续费高
UIP^[55]	高	不支持	高	支持	同构	实现难度较大
SCIP^[56]	低	不支持	中	不支持	同构+异构	安全性低
GPACT^[57]	高	不支持	低	支持	同构	使用范围有限

相关文献	类型	具体内容	解决方案
[31⇓-33,36-37,40-41,61⇓⇓⇓⇓-66]	安全性	资产保护机制、超时处理机制、数据可信验证、可审计性、崩溃恢复机制、数据一致性	公证人机制、SPV验证、2PC协议、3PC协议
[46,49,54,56,70⇓⇓-73]	可扩展性	应用场景多元化、松耦合架构、并行架构、链下通道	侧链、中继、微支付通道、链下存储通道
[34,47,49,75⇓-77]	隐私性	交易信息隐藏机制、网络数据混淆处理、数据访问控制	零知识证明、混币机制、代理重加密、同态加密、环签名、混淆网络、属性基加密

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