Survey of Research on Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2203024

Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology ›› 2022, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (11): 2456-2470.DOI: 10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2203024

• Surveys and Frontiers • Previous Articles Next Articles

Survey of Research on Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection

LI Leixiao¹^,², ZHENG Yue¹^,⁺(), GAO Haoyu¹, XIONG Xiao³, NIU Tieming¹, DU Jinze¹, GAO Jing⁴

1. College of Data Science and Application, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China
2. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Engineering & Technology Research Centre of Big Data Based Software Service, Hohhot 010080, China
3. College of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China
4. College of Computer and Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China

Online:2022-11-01 Published:2022-11-16
About author:LI Leixiao, born in 1978, Ph.D., professor. His research interests include cloud computing, big data processing, data mining, etc.
ZHENG Yue, born in 1996, M.S. candidate. His research interests include big data security and blockchain.
GAO Haoyu, born in 1994, M.S. candidate. His research interests include big data security and blockchain.
XIONG Xiao, born in 1993, M.S. candidate. His research interests include big data security and blockchain.
NIU Tieming, born in 1998, M.S. candidate. His research interests include big data security and blockchain.
DU Jinze, born in 1998, M.S. candidate. His research interests include blockchain and network covert channel construction.
GAO Jing, born in 1970, Ph.D., professor. Her research interests include cloud computing, big data, agricultural informatization, etc.

智能合约漏洞检测研究综述

李雷孝¹^,², 郑岳¹^,⁺(), 高昊昱¹, 熊啸³, 牛铁铭¹, 杜金泽¹, 高静⁴

1.内蒙古工业大学数据科学与应用学院，呼和浩特 010080
2.内蒙古自治区基于大数据的软件服务工程技术研究中心，呼和浩特 010080
3.内蒙古工业大学信息工程学院，呼和浩特 010080
4.内蒙古农业大学计算机与信息工程学院，呼和浩特 010011

通讯作者: + E-mail: 847256122@qq.com
作者简介:李雷孝（1978—），男，山东成武人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为云计算、大数据处理、数据挖掘等。
郑岳（1996—），男，河北沧州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为大数据安全、区块链。
高昊昱（1994—），男，山西太原人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为大数据安全、区块链。
熊啸（1993—），男，河南信阳人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为大数据安全、区块链。
牛铁铭（1998—），男，山西大同人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为大数据安全、区块链。
杜金泽（1998—），男，山西太原人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为区块链、网络隐蔽信道构建。
高静（1970—），女，辽宁沈阳人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为云计算、大数据、农业信息化等。

Abstract

Abstract:

As an important part of blockchain technology, smart contracts are widely used in various fields through decentralized applications written by smart contracts, providing important technical support for the development and application of blockchain. However, the development has brought security problems at the same time, and a large number of vulnerability attacks against smart contracts have made researchers pay more attention to the security vulnerabilities of smart contracts. How to quickly and accurately perform vulnerability detection has become an urgent problem to be solved. Firstly, through the analysis of common vulnerabilities such as reentrancy attack vulnerabilities, integer overflow and access control vulnerabilities, researchers can fully understand the common vulnerabilities. Secondly, by investigating the current status of vulnerability detection methods such as formal verification, symbolic execution, machine learning and their corresponding tools at home and abroad, analyzing and discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the tools, at the same time, replicating some tools for experiments, the performance of the vulnerability detection tools is demonstrated based on the detection speed, accuracy, and the number of vulnerabilities that support detection. Finally, suggestions for future research directions are given based on the analysis results of smart contract vulnerability detection tools.

Key words: blockchain, smart contract, vulnerability detection, security

摘要：

智能合约作为区块链技术中的重要组成部分，通过其编写的去中心化应用被广泛用于各领域中，为区块链的发展与应用提供了重要的技术支持。但智能合约发展的同时也带来了安全问题，大量针对智能合约的漏洞攻击，让研究者不得不加强对智能合约安全漏洞的重视。如何快速准确地进行漏洞检测成为一个亟待解决的问题。首先，通过对重入攻击漏洞、整数溢出以及访问控制漏洞等常见漏洞的分析使研究者对常见漏洞得到充分的了解。其次，通过对形式化验证、符号执行、机器学习等漏洞检测方法及其对应工具的国内外现状进行调研并分析讨论工具的优缺点，同时通过复现部分工具进行实验，以检测速度、准确率以及支持检测的漏洞数量为标准，展示漏洞检测工具的性能。最后，根据对智能合约漏洞检测工具的分析结果对未来的研究方向给出建议。

关键词: 区块链, 智能合约, 漏洞检测, 安全

CLC Number:

TP39
TP309.2

LI Leixiao, ZHENG Yue, GAO Haoyu, XIONG Xiao, NIU Tieming, DU Jinze, GAO Jing. Survey of Research on Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2022, 16(11): 2456-2470.

李雷孝, 郑岳, 高昊昱, 熊啸, 牛铁铭, 杜金泽, 高静. 智能合约漏洞检测研究综述[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2022, 16(11): 2456-2470.

Figures/Tables 9

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攻击类型	标志性事件	时间	影响
可重入漏洞	TheDAO	2016	价值6 000万美金以太币被盗取，以太坊硬分叉
整数溢出	BeautyChain	2018	BEC代币无限复制，代币价格跳水
拒绝服务攻击	King of the Ether Throne	2016	游戏玩家的补偿和未接受款项无法退回玩家的钱包
Delegatecall委托调用	Parity Multisig Wallet的第二次入侵	2017	合约失效，用户钱包被锁死影响约51万个ETH，价值约1.5亿美元
51%攻击	ETC网络遭受51%攻击	2019	约22万个ETC遭攻击，价值约110万美元
针对供应链的攻击	门罗币官方钱包文件被恶意替换	2019	用户私钥和助记词被窃取
DNS劫持	以太坊钱包Myetherwallet遭DNS劫持	2018	价值15.3万美金以太币转入劫持者账户
针对交易所的攻击	KuCoin交易所被盗	2020	亚洲交易所KuCoin热钱包被盗，价值2.8亿美金
权限错误	Poly NetWork	2021	失窃资产超6.1亿美金，是DeFi有史以来数额最大的一次进攻事件
闪电贷攻击	Beanstalk Farm遭闪电贷攻击	2022	协议损失约1.82亿美金

攻击类型	标志性事件	时间	影响
可重入漏洞	TheDAO	2016	价值6 000万美金以太币被盗取，以太坊硬分叉
整数溢出	BeautyChain	2018	BEC代币无限复制，代币价格跳水
拒绝服务攻击	King of the Ether Throne	2016	游戏玩家的补偿和未接受款项无法退回玩家的钱包
Delegatecall委托调用	Parity Multisig Wallet的第二次入侵	2017	合约失效，用户钱包被锁死影响约51万个ETH，价值约1.5亿美元
51%攻击	ETC网络遭受51%攻击	2019	约22万个ETC遭攻击，价值约110万美元
针对供应链的攻击	门罗币官方钱包文件被恶意替换	2019	用户私钥和助记词被窃取
DNS劫持	以太坊钱包Myetherwallet遭DNS劫持	2018	价值15.3万美金以太币转入劫持者账户
针对交易所的攻击	KuCoin交易所被盗	2020	亚洲交易所KuCoin热钱包被盗，价值2.8亿美金
权限错误	Poly NetWork	2021	失窃资产超6.1亿美金，是DeFi有史以来数额最大的一次进攻事件
闪电贷攻击	Beanstalk Farm遭闪电贷攻击	2022	协议损失约1.82亿美金

漏洞层级	漏洞类型
Solidity代码层	未校验返回值
	整数溢出漏洞
	权限控制漏洞
	资产冻结
	拒绝服务攻击漏洞
EVM执行层	重入漏洞
	短地址攻击
	代码注入
区块链系统层	时间戳依赖
	可预测的随机处理
	交易顺序依赖

漏洞层级	漏洞类型
Solidity代码层	未校验返回值
	整数溢出漏洞
	权限控制漏洞
	资产冻结
	拒绝服务攻击漏洞
EVM执行层	重入漏洞
	短地址攻击
	代码注入
区块链系统层	时间戳依赖
	可预测的随机处理
	交易顺序依赖

方法	检测工具	准确率/%	支持漏洞数量	平均检测速度/s
形式化验证	VaaS	72.54	8	166.2
符号执行	Oyente	60.54	6	27.3
模糊测试	ContractFuzzer	67.89	6	279.7
机器学习	DR-GCN	76.16	3	3.4
特征匹配	Slither	57.82	7	10.5

Survey of Research on Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection

智能合约漏洞检测研究综述

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