Practice on Program Energy Consumption Optimization by Energy Measurement and Analysis Using FPowerTool

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2102046

Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology ›› 2022, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (6): 1291-1303.DOI: 10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2102046

• High Performance Computing • Previous Articles Next Articles

Practice on Program Energy Consumption Optimization by Energy Measurement and Analysis Using FPowerTool

WEI Guang¹, QIAN Depei¹^,², YANG Hailong¹^,², LUAN Zhongzhi¹^,²^,⁺()

1. Sino-German Joint Software Institute, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

Received:2021-02-22 Revised:2021-04-25 Online:2022-06-01 Published:2021-05-10
About author:WEI Guang, born in 1986, Ph.D. candidate. His research interests include high-performance com-puting, energy optimization, etc.
QIAN Depei, born in 1952, professor,Ph.D. su-pervisor, fellow of CCF. His research interests include computer architecture, distributed com-puting, high-performance computing and parallel computing.
YANG Hailong, born in 1985, Ph.D., associate professor, Ph.D. supervisor, senior member of CCF. His research interests include high-performance computing, performance analysis and optimiza-tion, distributed/parallel computing and compu-ter architecture.
LUAN Zhongzhi, born in 1971, Ph.D., associate professor, Ph.D. supervisor, senior member of CCF. His research interests include computer architecture, high-performance computing, distri-buted computing and parallel computing.
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0202202)

程序能耗测量分析工具FPowerTool及其能耗优化实践

魏光¹, 钱德沛¹^,², 杨海龙¹^,², 栾钟治¹^,²^,⁺()

1. 北京航空航天大学计算机学院中德联合软件研究所,北京 100191
2. 北京航空航天大学软件开发环境国家重点实验室,北京 100191

通讯作者: + E-mail: luan.zhongzhi@buaa.edu.cn
作者简介:魏光（1986—）,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为高性能计算、能耗优化等。
钱德沛（1952—）,男,教授,博士生导师,CCF会士,主要研究方向为计算机系统结构、分布式计算、高性能计算、并行计算。
杨海龙（1985—）,男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,CCF高级会员,主要研究方向为高性能计算、性能分析与优化、分布式/并行计算、计算机系统结构。
栾钟治（1971—）,男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,CCF高级会员,主要研究方向为计算机系统结构、高性能计算、分布式计算、并行计算。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2017YFB0202202)

Abstract

Abstract:

Energy-aware programming (EAP) is a new approach to reduce energy consumption of computing systems. It introduces energy as one of the main design metrics into the process of software development to reduce program energy consumption by adjusting the way of programming. The implementation of EAP is facing some difficulties in finding energy consumption hot spots, identifying main factors which cause excessive energy consumption, and locating inappropriate code segments in the program. To address these issues, this paper proposes a new method called EPC (energy-performance correlation) for joint measurement and analysis of energy consumption and perfor-mance events during program execution. Firstly, the basic principles of EPC are introduced and the implementation of an EPC-based tool, FPowerTool, for program energy consumption measurement and analysis is presented. Then, the method of energy-performance events correlation analysis for identifying the main factors influencing energy consumption is presented. Finally, a set of programs is used as case studies to show how to locate the code segments related to high energy consumption by correlation analysis, and how to change the coding and data placement and access to reduce the program energy consumption. The experiment results show that based on the energy-aware and analysis capabilities provided by the EPC method, program performance and energy efficiency can be improved by improving data definition, assignment, placement, and access methods.

Key words: energy-aware, energy consumption optimization, performance event, energy-performance correlation

摘要：

能耗感知编程（EAP）是通过优化软件的能效来降低计算系统能耗的一种新途径。它把能耗作为主要指标引入软件开发的过程,通过调整代码的编写方式,降低程序的执行能耗。能耗感知编程的实现面临能耗热点发现、耗能原因确定和问题代码定位等问题。为了解决这些问题,提出了一种程序能耗与性能事件协同测量与分析的新方法EPC。首先,简要论述EPC的基本原理和基于该方法的程序能耗测量与分析工具FPowerTool的实现。然后,介绍如何对能耗和性能事件做关联分析,找出影响程序能耗的主要因素。最后,通过一组程序优化案例,说明如何通过关联分析定位与高能耗相关的程序代码,进而改变代码编写和数据放置与访问方式,使程序的执行能耗得到降低。实验结果表明,基于EPC方法提供的能耗感知和分析能力,通过改进数据定义、赋值、放置与访问方式等可以改善程序性能和能效。

关键词: 能耗感知, 能耗优化, 性能事件, 能耗-性能关联

CLC Number:

TP311

WEI Guang, QIAN Depei, YANG Hailong, LUAN Zhongzhi. Practice on Program Energy Consumption Optimization by Energy Measurement and Analysis Using FPowerTool[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2022, 16(6): 1291-1303.

魏光, 钱德沛, 杨海龙, 栾钟治. 程序能耗测量分析工具FPowerTool及其能耗优化实践[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2022, 16(6): 1291-1303.

Figures/Tables 20

References 34

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类别	模型用到的性能事件
硬件事件	buscycles, cachereferences, cpucycles, instructions, refcycles
软件事件	cpuclock, cpumigrations, minorfaults, taskclock
硬件cache 事件	L1dcacheloadmisses, L1dcachestores, L1icacheloadmisses, LLCloads, branchloads, dTLBloadmisses, dTLBstoremisses, iTLBloads, nodeloadmisses, nodeloads, nodestores

类别	模型用到的性能事件
硬件事件	buscycles, cachereferences, cpucycles, instructions, refcycles
软件事件	cpuclock, cpumigrations, minorfaults, taskclock
硬件cache 事件	L1dcacheloadmisses, L1dcachestores, L1icacheloadmisses, LLCloads, branchloads, dTLBloadmisses, dTLBstoremisses, iTLBloads, nodeloadmisses, nodeloads, nodestores

性能事件	相对重要性	性能事件	相对重要性
cpucycles	4.386	nodeloads	0.223
cpuclock	4.326	dTLBloadmisses	0.220
taskclock	3.855	dTLBstoremisses	0.216
refcycles	2.400	L1dcacheloadmisses	0.187
buscycles	2.161	L1dcachestores	0.151
minorfaults	0.864	nodeloadmisses	0.097
iTLBloads	0.773	cachereferences	0.090
instructions	0.715	nodestores	0.077
L1icacheloadmisses	0.481	cpumigrations	0.051
LLCloads	0.423	branchloads	0.019

性能事件	相对重要性	性能事件	相对重要性
cpucycles	4.386	nodeloads	0.223
cpuclock	4.326	dTLBloadmisses	0.220
taskclock	3.855	dTLBstoremisses	0.216
refcycles	2.400	L1dcacheloadmisses	0.187
buscycles	2.161	L1dcachestores	0.151
minorfaults	0.864	nodeloadmisses	0.097
iTLBloads	0.773	cachereferences	0.090
instructions	0.715	nodestores	0.077
L1icacheloadmisses	0.481	cpumigrations	0.051
LLCloads	0.423	branchloads	0.019

服务器	配置
CPU	Intel^® Xeon^® CPU E5-2680 v3 2 sockets, 12 cores per socket, 2.50 GHz
操作系统	CentOS 7.3.1611
内存	125 GB
编译器	gcc 4.8.5
Cache信息	L1d cache: 32 KB L1i cache: 32 KB L2 cache: 256 KB L3 cache: 30 720 KB

Practice on Program Energy Consumption Optimization by Energy Measurement and Analysis Using FPowerTool

程序能耗测量分析工具FPowerTool及其能耗优化实践

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Figures/Tables 20

References 34

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Metrics

类别	原生程序	优化后	差值	差值百分比/%
时间/μs		5.58E+06	4.91E+06	-6.70E+05	-12.0
能量/J	PACKAGE0	175.2	158.2	-17.0	-9.7
	PACKAGE1	207.7	188.7	-19.0	-9.1
	DRAM0	17.4	14.9	-2.5	-14.4
	DRAM1	34.2	31.7	-2.5	-7.3

性能事件	原生程序	优化后	差值	差值百分比/%
branch_instructions	4.50E+09	4.23E+09	-2.70E+08	-6.0
branch_misses	4.29E+07	4.35E+07	6.00E+05	1.4
bus_cycles	6.12E+08	5.64E+08	-4.80E+07	-7.8
cache_misses	2.83E+04	2.11E+04	-7.20E+03	-25.4
cache_references	8.84E+04	8.61E+04	-2.30E+03	-2.6
cpu_cycles	1.77E+10	1.61E+10	-1.60E+09	-9.0
instructions	4.11E+10	3.80E+10	-3.10E+09	-7.5
ref_cpu_cycles	1.53E+10	1.41E+10	-1.20E+09	-7.8
cpu_clock	6.14E+09	5.65E+09	-4.90E+08	-8.0
page_faults_min	5.03E+02	4.76E+02	-2.70E+01	-5.4
task_clock	6.14E+09	5.65E+09	-4.90E+08	-8.0

类别	程序1	程序2
时间/μs		7.60E+04	3.67E+04
能量/J	PACKAGE0	1.54	0.70
	PACKAGE1	1.63	0.83
	DRAM0	0.22	0.10
	DRAM1	0.42	0.21

硬件事件和软件事件	程序1	程序2	硬件cache事件	程序1	程序2
branch_instructions	1.14E+07	1.11E+07	dtlbreadaccess	2.23E+06	2.23E+06
branch_misses	4.38E+03	1.50E+03	dtlbreadmiss	1.38E+02	2.06E+02
bus_cycles	7.60E+06	4.37E+06	dtlbwriteaccess	5.48E+06	4.49E+06
cache_misses	9.93E+04	5.03E+04	dtlbwritemiss	3.41E+02	9.80E+01
cache_references	1.47E+06	4.09E+05	itlbreadaccess	4.15E+02	9.90E+01
cpu_cycles	1.17E+08	6.02E+07	itlbreadmiss	1.49E+02	7.40E+01
instructions	5.68E+07	5.54E+07	L1dreadaccess	6.64E+06	5.72E+06
ref_cpu_cycles	1.90E+08	1.09E+08	L1dreadmiss	3.15E+06	1.47E+06
cpu_clock	7.63E+07	4.39E+07	L1dwriteaccess	1.00E+07	7.40E+06
page_faults_min	1.21E+03	1.10E+03	L1ireadmiss	1.95E+04	9.15E+03
task_clock	7.63E+07	4.39E+07	LLreadaccess	8.19E+05	2.09E+05
			LLreadmiss	8.85E+03	4.59E+03
			LLwriteaccess	1.14E+04	6.43E+03
			LLwritemiss	1.11E+04	5.80E+03

类别	程序3	程序4
时间/μs	1.76E+05	1.30E+05
能量/J	PACKAGE0	3.58	2.75
	PACKAGE1	4.17	2.88
	DRAM0	0.50	0.42
	DRAM1	1.07	0.77

硬件事件和软件事件	程序3	程序4	硬件cache事件	程序3	程序4
branch_instructions	3.95E+07	3.90E+07	dtlbreadaccess	9.00E+06	7.95E+06
branch_misses	3.00E+03	2.36E+03	dtlbreadmiss	2.39E+03	7.28E+02
bus_cycles	1.71E+07	1.31E+07	dtlbwriteaccess	1.98E+07	1.68E+07
cache_misses	2.54E+05	1.70E+05	dtlbwritemiss	1.23E+03	3.01E+02
cache_references	2.85E+06	1.31E+06	itlbreadaccess	9.00E+00	8.00E+00
cpu_cycles	3.32E+08	2.33E+08	itlbreadmiss	4.10E+01	1.70E+01
instructions	1.59E+08	1.57E+08	L1dreadaccess	2.31E+07	2.26E+07
ref_cpu_cycles	4.27E+08	3.27E+08	L1dreadmiss	8.05E+06	5.61E+06
cpu_clock	1.71E+08	1.31E+08	L1dwriteaccess	3.04E+07	2.87E+07
page_faults_min	7.28E+02	6.56E+02	L1ireadmiss	2.75E+04	2.40E+04
task_clock	1.71E+08	1.31E+08	LLreadaccess	1.45E+06	6.49E+05
			LLreadmiss	1.35E+04	9.83E+03
			LLwriteaccess	3.38E+04	2.07E+04
			LLwritemiss	3.39E+04	1.99E+04

类别	程序5	程序6
时间/μs	6.85E+04	1.97E+04
能量/J	PACKAGE0	1.49	0.42
	PACKAGE1	1.49	0.41
	DRAM0	0.24	0.08
	DRAM1	0.31	0.11

硬件事件和软件事件	程序5	程序6	硬件cache事件	程序5	程序6
branch_instructions	3.09E+06	3.07E+06	dtlbreadaccess	6.77E+05	7.93E+05
branch_misses	4.62E+03	3.00E+03	dtlbreadmiss	1.26E+03	5.40E+01
bus_cycles	6.86E+06	2.19E+06	dtlbwriteaccess	1.52E+06	1.95E+06
cache_misses	4.22E+05	2.74E+04	dtlbwritemiss	5.14E+02	3.11E+02
cache_references	5.19E+06	2.69E+05	itlbreadaccess	6.56E+02	1.25E+03
cpu_cycles	1.03E+08	2.79E+07	itlbreadmiss	2.20E+01	6.60E+01
instructions	1.82E+07	2.07E+07	L1dreadaccess	1.85E+06	2.12E+06
ref_cpu_cycles	1.72E+08	5.49E+07	L1dreadmiss	4.44E+06	7.54E+05
cpu_clock	6.89E+07	2.20E+07	L1dwriteaccess	2.48E+06	2.43E+06
page_faults_min	1.06E+03	1.06E+03	L1ireadmiss	5.31E+03	4.59E+03
task_clock	6.89E+07	2.20E+07	LLreadaccess	1.54E+06	1.07E+05
			LLreadmiss	2.44E+05	2.19E+03
			LLwriteaccess	3.53E+05	4.17E+03
			LLwritemiss	2.73E+03	4.00E+03

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