Review of Image Captioning Methods Based on Encoding-Decoding Technology

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2112080

Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology ›› 2022, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (10): 2234-2248.DOI: 10.3778/j.issn.1673-9418.2112080

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Review of Image Captioning Methods Based on Encoding-Decoding Technology

GENG Yaogang, MEI Hongyan⁺(), ZHANG Xing, LI Xiaohui

School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China

Received:2021-12-20 Revised:2022-04-19 Online:2022-10-01 Published:2022-10-14
About author:GENG Yaogang, born in 1997, M.S. candidate.His research interests include natural language processing and image captioning.
MEI Hongyan, born in 1978, Ph.D., associate professor, member of CCF. Her research interests include data mining, big data analysis and network services.
ZHANG Xing, born in 1975, Ph.D., professor, member of CCF. His research interests include network architecture and protocol and information security.
LI Xiaohui, born in 1978, Ph.D., associate professor. Her research interests include network security, privacy protection and cloud computing.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation for Youth of China(61802161);Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(JZL202015404);Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LJKZ0625);General Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LJKZ0618)

编码-解码技术的图像标题生成方法研究综述

耿耀港, 梅红岩⁺(), 张兴, 李晓会

辽宁工业大学电子与信息工程学院,辽宁锦州 121000

通讯作者: + E-mail: 715014795@qq.com
作者简介:耿耀港（1997—）,男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为自然语言处理、图像标题生成。
梅红岩（1978—）,女,辽宁葫芦岛人,博士,副教授,CCF会员,主要研究方向为数据挖掘、大数据分析、网络服务。
张兴（1975—）,男,辽宁葫芦岛人,博士,教授,CCF专业会员,主要研究方向为网络体系架构与协议、信息安全。
李晓会（1978—）,女,辽宁盘锦人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为网络安全、隐私保护、云计算。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年项目(61802161);辽宁省教育厅科学研究项目(JZL202015404);辽宁省教育厅科学研究项目(LJKZ0625);辽宁省教育厅面上项目(LJKZ0618)

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, image caption generation, as a multimodal task in the field of artificial intelligence, integrates the related research of computer vision and natural language processing, and can realize the modal conversion from image to text. It plays an important role in visual assistance and image understanding, and has attracted extensive attention from researchers. Firstly, this paper describes the task of image caption generation, and introduces three image caption generation methods: template-based method, retrieval-based method and encode-decode method. Their respective method ideas, representative research and advantages and disadvantages are also introduced. Secondly, from the model structure, the research progress of image understanding phase and caption generation phase, this paper expounds in detail the method based on encoding-decoding, and summarizes the research over years into the research of image understanding and caption generation. Image understanding research includes attention mechanism and semantic aspects. The research of caption generation is divided into traditional caption generation, dense caption generation and stylish caption generation. The performance, advantages and disadvantages of the model are summarized, and the datasets and evaluation index of the performance evaluation of the image captioning model are introduced. Finally, the challenges and difficulties in the field of image captioning are pointed out.

Key words: image caption generation, encode, decode, multimodal, attention mechanism

摘要：

近年来,图像标题生成作为人工智能领域中的多模态任务,融合了计算机视觉和自然语言处理的相关研究,能够实现从图像到文本的模态转换,在视觉辅助和图像理解等方面有着重要作用,备受研究者们的广泛关注。首先对图像标题生成任务进行了阐述,介绍了三种图像标题生成方法,基于模板的方法、基于检索的方法和基于编码-解码的方法以及各自的方法思路、代表性研究和优缺点。其次从方法的模型构成、图像理解阶段和标题生成阶段的研究进展等方面对基于编码-解码的方法进行了详细阐述。将近年来的研究总结归纳为图像理解方面的研究和标题生成方面的研究,其中图像理解方面的研究包括注意力机制的研究和语义获取方面的研究,标题生成方面的研究分为传统标题、密集标题和个性化标题生成的研究,并总结了模型性能及优缺点,介绍了图像标题生成模型进行性能评估的数据集和评测指标。最后指出图像标题生成领域研究面对的挑战和难点。

关键词: 图像标题生成, 编码, 解码, 多模态, 注意力机制

CLC Number:

TP391

GENG Yaogang, MEI Hongyan, ZHANG Xing, LI Xiaohui. Review of Image Captioning Methods Based on Encoding-Decoding Technology[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2022, 16(10): 2234-2248.

耿耀港, 梅红岩, 张兴, 李晓会. 编码-解码技术的图像标题生成方法研究综述[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2022, 16(10): 2234-2248.

Figures/Tables 10

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模型	发表时间	BLEU-1	BLEU-2	BLEU-3	BLEU-4	METEOR	ROUGE-L	CIDEr
Google-NIC^[6]	2015	0.666	0.461	0.329	0.246	0.200		0.860
Soft-Attention^[7]	2015	0.707	0.492	0.344	0.243	0.239
Hard-Attention^[7]	2015	0.718	0.504	0.357	0.250	0.230
att-CNN^[13]	2016	0.730	0.560	0.410	0.310	0.250	0.530	0.920
Semantic Attention^[12]	2016	0.709	0.537	0.402	0.304	0.243
LSTM-A5^[14]	2017	0.734	0.567	0.430	0.326	0.254	0.540	1.002
High-level Attention^[11]	2019	0.764	0.563	0.436	0.317	0.265	0.535	1.103
AOA^[9]	2019	0.810	0.658	0.514	0.394	0.291	0.589	1.269
HIP^[18]	2019	0.816	0.662	0.515	0.393	0.288	0.590	1.279
Entangle-Transformer^[22]	2019	0.776			0.378	0.284	0.574	1.193
CGVRG^[19]	2020				0.386	0.286	0.588	1.267
ASGCaption^[20]	2020				0.230	0.245	0.501	2.042
DLCT^[21]	2021	0.824	0.674	0.528	0.406	0.298	0.598	1.333

模型	发表时间	BLEU-1	BLEU-2	BLEU-3	BLEU-4	METEOR	ROUGE-L	CIDEr
Google-NIC^[6]	2015	0.666	0.461	0.329	0.246	0.200		0.860
Soft-Attention^[7]	2015	0.707	0.492	0.344	0.243	0.239
Hard-Attention^[7]	2015	0.718	0.504	0.357	0.250	0.230
att-CNN^[13]	2016	0.730	0.560	0.410	0.310	0.250	0.530	0.920
Semantic Attention^[12]	2016	0.709	0.537	0.402	0.304	0.243
LSTM-A5^[14]	2017	0.734	0.567	0.430	0.326	0.254	0.540	1.002
High-level Attention^[11]	2019	0.764	0.563	0.436	0.317	0.265	0.535	1.103
AOA^[9]	2019	0.810	0.658	0.514	0.394	0.291	0.589	1.269
HIP^[18]	2019	0.816	0.662	0.515	0.393	0.288	0.590	1.279
Entangle-Transformer^[22]	2019	0.776			0.378	0.284	0.574	1.193
CGVRG^[19]	2020				0.386	0.286	0.588	1.267
ASGCaption^[20]	2020				0.230	0.245	0.501	2.042
DLCT^[21]	2021	0.824	0.674	0.528	0.406	0.298	0.598	1.333

模型	发表时间	模型机制	优势	局限性
Google-NIC^[6]	2015	CNN+LSTM	构造简单,句式灵活	模型没有关注重点区域的能力;模型没有获取图像高层语义的能力
Soft-Attention^[7]	2015	CNN+Att+LSTM	模型能够关注图像重点区域	虚词强制对应图像区域,浪费算力
Adaptive Attention^[8]	2017	CNN+Att+LSTM	模型能够动态选择使用图像特征或语言模型生成单词	未充分考虑到高层卷积层特征图对注意力机制的限制
SCA-CNN^[10]	2017	SCA-CNN-LSTM	模型能够综合使用高层特征图和低层特征图,获取的图像信息更加丰富	模型较为注重图像信息,只能获取粗粒度的语义
High-Level Attention^[11]	2019	CNN+LSTM+Att	借助目标检测技术,结合高级特征和低级特征,获取的图像信息更加精细	未充分考虑到区域级特征的语义局限性
att-CNN^[13]	2016	Att-CNN+LSTM	模型能够提取简单的图像语义信息	只能提取到粗粒度语义信息,如图中的对象和对象的属性
HIP^[18]	2019	GCN+LSTM	树结构加实例级分割,模型语义获取能力更高,泛化能力强	树结构表达图像中对象之间的复杂关系的能力有限
Entangle-Transformer^[22]	2019	Transformer	缓解图像语义和文本语义融合的语义鸿沟问题	未能充分解决语义鸿沟问题
CGVRG^[19]	2020	GCN+LSTM	构造标题指导视觉关系图,融合了一定上下文信息和语义信息	未能考虑到区域级特征的语义局限性
ASGCaption^[20]	2020	GCN+LSTM	复杂的场景图和三种注意力机制配合,生成的标题语义丰富	三种注意力机制计算成本高,牺牲了其生成标题的流畅度
DLCT^[21]	2021	Transformer	融合了两种级别特征的语义信息	未考虑到文本语义的融合问题

模型	发表时间	模型机制	优势	局限性
Google-NIC^[6]	2015	CNN+LSTM	构造简单,句式灵活	模型没有关注重点区域的能力;模型没有获取图像高层语义的能力
Soft-Attention^[7]	2015	CNN+Att+LSTM	模型能够关注图像重点区域	虚词强制对应图像区域,浪费算力
Adaptive Attention^[8]	2017	CNN+Att+LSTM	模型能够动态选择使用图像特征或语言模型生成单词	未充分考虑到高层卷积层特征图对注意力机制的限制
SCA-CNN^[10]	2017	SCA-CNN-LSTM	模型能够综合使用高层特征图和低层特征图,获取的图像信息更加丰富	模型较为注重图像信息,只能获取粗粒度的语义
High-Level Attention^[11]	2019	CNN+LSTM+Att	借助目标检测技术,结合高级特征和低级特征,获取的图像信息更加精细	未充分考虑到区域级特征的语义局限性
att-CNN^[13]	2016	Att-CNN+LSTM	模型能够提取简单的图像语义信息	只能提取到粗粒度语义信息,如图中的对象和对象的属性
HIP^[18]	2019	GCN+LSTM	树结构加实例级分割,模型语义获取能力更高,泛化能力强	树结构表达图像中对象之间的复杂关系的能力有限
Entangle-Transformer^[22]	2019	Transformer	缓解图像语义和文本语义融合的语义鸿沟问题	未能充分解决语义鸿沟问题
CGVRG^[19]	2020	GCN+LSTM	构造标题指导视觉关系图,融合了一定上下文信息和语义信息	未能考虑到区域级特征的语义局限性
ASGCaption^[20]	2020	GCN+LSTM	复杂的场景图和三种注意力机制配合,生成的标题语义丰富	三种注意力机制计算成本高,牺牲了其生成标题的流畅度
DLCT^[21]	2021	Transformer	融合了两种级别特征的语义信息	未考虑到文本语义的融合问题

模型	发表时间	BLEU-1	BLEU-2	BLEU-3	BLEU-4	METEOR	ROUGE-L	CIDEr
Bidirectional Models^[25]	2016	0.672	0.492	0.352	0.244
SentiCap^[38]	2016	0.500	0.312	0.203	0.131	0.168	0.379	0.618
Skeleton LSTM^[26]	2017	0.673	0.489	0.355	0.259	0.247	0.489	0.966
Convolutional Image Captioning^[31]	2018	0.711	0.538	0.394	0.287	0.244	0.522	0.912
RDN^[29]	2019	0.775	0.618	0.479	0.368	0.272	0.568	1.153
Recall Mechanism^[30]	2020				0.385	0.287	0.584	1.291
BilingualImageCaptions^[41]	2020				0.384	0.267	0.561	1.146
M^2[32]	2020	0.816	0.664	0.518	0.397	0.294	0.592	1.293

Review of Image Captioning Methods Based on Encoding-Decoding Technology

编码-解码技术的图像标题生成方法研究综述

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模型	发表时间	模型机制	优势	局限性
Bidirectional Models^[25]	2016	CNN+BiLSTM	解码器能够获取更多的上下文及图像-文本语义信息	模型复杂度高,训练成本高
SentiCap^[38]	2016	CNN+LSTM	标题带有积极或消极的倾向	只能粗粒度地区分积极和消极,没有其他风格,且句子流畅度低
StyleNet^[40]	2017	CNN+Factored-LSTM	能够生成多种风格的标题,如幽默、浪漫等	句子流畅度低,需要构造相应风格的语料库进行训练
Convolutional Image Captioning^[31]	2018	CNN+Masked-CNN	模型复杂度低,训练成本低	标题的序列性低
RDN^[29]	2019	CNN+RDN	模型长序列依赖性和位置感知能力高,具备推理和联想能力	标题流畅度低
Recall Mechanism^[30]	2020	CNN+Recall-LSTM	模型长依赖性高,标题逻辑性好	需要先训练召回词
BilingualImageCaptions^[41]	2020	CNN+LSTM+Att	模型能够生成双语标题	不同语言文本融合时会存在噪声,影响模型效果
Compositional Neural Module Networks^[28]	2020	CNN+LSTM+Att	标题多样,且流畅度高	未充分考虑语义鸿沟问题
Different caption^[33]	2021	Transformer	能够完成描述两图之间细微差别的任务

数据集	训练集	验证集	测试集	语言	年份
MSCOCO^[44]	82 783	40 504	40 775	英文	2014
Flickr30K^[45]	28 000	1 000	1 000	英文	2014
Flickr8K^[46]	6 000	1 000	1 000	英文	2013
Flickr8kCN^[47]	6 000	1 000	1 000	中文	2016
STAIR^[48]	113 287	5 000	5 000	日文	2017

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